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Casual & Spoken Korean

Contractions & Reductions

Contractions and reductions are common in natural Korean speech, where syllables are shortened, combined, or dropped entirely for fluency. Understanding these helps comprehension of real-life conversations.

Vowel Contractions

ㅓ + ㅓ → ㅓ

Double vowel reduction:

  • 서어 → 서 (from 서다, to stand)
  • 켜어 → 켜 (from 켜다, to turn on)

ㅏ + ㅏ → ㅏ

ㅏ vowel contraction:

  • 가아 → 가 (from 가다, to go)
  • 차아 → 차 (from 차다, to kick)

ㅜ + ㅓ → 워

ㅜ + ㅓ combination:

  • 주어 → 줘 (from 주다, to give)
  • 두어 → 둬 (from 두다, to put)

Examples:

  • 나 줘 (Give me - from 나를 주어)
  • 이거 줘 (Give me this)

ㅣ + ㅓ → 여

ㅣ + ㅓ combination:

  • 가지어 → 가져 (from 가지다, to have/take)
  • 마시어 → 마셔 (from 마시다, to drink)

Common Verb Contractions

하다 Verbs

해 contractions:

  • 해 + 요 → 해요
  • 해 + 서 → 해서
  • 해 + 도 → 해도
  • 공부하여 → 공부해 (study)
  • 사랑하여 → 사랑해 (love)

좋다 (Good)

Adjective contractions:

  • 좋아 + 서 → 좋아서
  • 좋 + 으니까 → 좋으니까
  • 좋 + 을 것 → 좋을 것

있다/없다 (Exist/Not exist)

Existence verb contractions:

  • 있 + 어요 → 있어요 → 이써요 (fast speech)
  • 없 + 어요 → 없어요 → 업써요 (fast speech)

Particle Reductions

Subject Particles

는/은 often reduced or dropped:

  • 나는 → 난 (I - topic)
  • 저는 → 전 (I - humble topic)
  • 그것은 → 그건 (that)
  • 이것은 → 이건 (this)

Examples:

  • 난 몰라 (I don't know)
  • 이건 뭐야? (What's this?)

Object Particles

을/를 frequently dropped:

  • 밥을 → 밥 (rice)
  • 영화를 → 영화 (movie)
  • 물을 → 물 (water)

-에게 → -한테 (To someone)

Casual particle substitution:

  • 친구에게 → 친구한테 (to a friend)
  • 엄마에게 → 엄마한테 (to mom)

Ending Contractions

-아/어 요 Forms

Polite casual contractions:

  • 가 + 요 → 가요
  • 먹어 + 요 → 먹어요
  • 해 + 요 → 해요
  • 줘 + 요 → 줘요

Fast speech:

  • 가요 → 가용 (very casual)
  • 먹어요 → 머거요 (very casual)

-지 않다 → 안 (Negative)

Negative contraction:

  • 가지 않아 → 안 가 (don't go)
  • 먹지 않아 → 안 먹어 (don't eat)
  • 하지 않아 → 안 해 (don't do)
  • 모르지 않아 → 몰라 (don't not know → know)

-(으)면 안 돼 (Must not)

Prohibition contraction:

  • 가면 안 돼 → 가면 안 돼 (mustn't go)
  • Often shortened to: 가면 안돼

Question Contractions

뭐 (What)

무엇 contractions:

  • 무엇 → 뭐 (what)
  • 무엇을 → 뭘 (what - object)
  • 무엇이 → 뭐가 (what - subject)

Examples:

  • 뭐 해? (What are you doing?)
  • 뭘 먹어? (What are you eating?)

어디 (Where)

Location question:

  • 어디에 → 어디 (where)
  • 어디를 → 어딜 (where to)

왜 (Why)

Reason question:

  • 왜 그래? (Why? / What's wrong?)
  • 왜 안 와? (Why aren't you coming?)

Pronoun Contractions

First Person

I/Me contractions:

  • 나는 → 난 (I - casual)
  • 나를 → 날 (me - casual)
  • 나에게 → 나한테 → 나 (to me)
  • 저는 → 전 (I - polite)

Examples:

  • 난 좋아 (I like it)
  • 날 봐 (Look at me)

Second Person

You contractions:

  • 너는 → 넌 (you)
  • 너를 → 널 (you - object)
  • 너에게 → 너한테 (to you)

Third Person

It/That contractions:

  • 그것은 → 그건 (that is)
  • 그것을 → 그걸 (that - object)
  • 이것은 → 이건 (this is)
  • 이것을 → 이걸 (this - object)

-고 Contractions

-고 있다 → -고 있어

Progressive contraction:

  • 가고 있어 (going/on the way)
  • 먹고 있어 (eating)
  • 하고 있어 (doing)

Further reduction:

  • 가고 있어 → 가고 이써 → 가고있어

-고 싶다 → -고 싶어

Want to contraction:

  • 가고 싶어 (want to go)
  • 먹고 싶어 (want to eat)
  • 보고 싶어 (want to see/miss you)

Specific Common Contractions

그렇다 (To be so)

Various forms:

  • 그래 (yes/right - from 그렇 + 어)
  • 그래서 (so/therefore)
  • 그런데 → 근데 (but/however)
  • 그러면 → 그럼 (then/if so)
  • 그렇지 → 그치 (right?)

이렇다/저렇다 (Like this/that)

Demonstrative contractions:

  • 이래 (like this)
  • 저래 (like that)
  • 어때? (how is it?)

아니다 (Not to be)

Negative contractions:

  • 아니야 → 아냐 (it's not)
  • 아니에요 → 아녜요 (it's not - polite)

Double Consonant Reductions

ㄹ + ㄹ → ㄹ

Liquid consonant reduction:

  • 알 + 라 → 알라 (in some dialects)
  • Usually kept: 알아 (know)

ㅂ Irregular

ㅂ dropping:

  • 춥 + 어 → 추워 (cold)
  • 덥 + 어 → 더워 (hot)

Fast Speech Phenomena

Consonant Assimilation

Sound changes in fast speech:

  • 먹는다 → 멍는다 (eat - assimilation)
  • 잘 먹어 → 잘 머거 (eat well)

Vowel Reduction

Unstressed vowel weakening:

  • 가지고 → 갖고 (with/having)
  • 하지만 → 하지만 (but - usually unchanged)

는 Reduction

Topic marker in fast speech:

  • 나는 → 난 → 나 (I)
  • 밥는 → 밥 (rice)

Texting Contractions

Extreme Shortenings

Internet/text language:

  • 뭐 → ㅁ (what)
  • 좋아 → ㅈㅇ (good)
  • 그래 → ㄱㄹ (yes/okay)
  • 모르겠어 → ㅁㄹㄱ (don't know)

Note: Covered more in "Internet/Text Language"

Regional Variations

Seoul/Standard

Standard contractions:

  • 그렇지 않아 → 아니야 (it's not)
  • 무엇 → 뭐 (what)

Gyeongsang Dialect

Southern contractions:

  • 그래 → 그라 (yes/right)
  • 안 돼 → 안 되 (can't/no)

Jeolla Dialect

Southwestern contractions:

  • 그래 → 그려 (yes/right)
  • 뭐 → 무 (what)

Common Patterns Summary

Question Words

Full FormContractedMeaning
무엇What
무엇을What (object)
무엇이뭐가What (subject)
어디에어디Where
어디를어딜Where to

Pronouns

Full FormContractedMeaning
나는I (topic)
나를Me (object)
너는You (topic)
너를You (object)
그것은그건That is
그것을그걸That (object)

Conjunctions

Full FormContractedMeaning
그런데근데But/However
그러면그럼Then/If so
그렇지만그치만But/However
그리고그리고And (rarely contracted)

Common Mistakes

❌ Incorrect: 주어요 (spelled out contraction)

Awkward full spelling

✅ Correct: 줘요

Natural contraction


❌ Incorrect: Over-contracting in formal writing

Too casual for formal context

✅ Correct: Use contractions appropriately by context

Match formality


❌ Incorrect: 무엇 in casual speech

Too formal for spoken Korean

✅ Correct: 뭐

Natural spoken form

Summary Table

TypeFull FormContracted FormContext
Vowel주 + 어Universal
Particle나는Casual
Negative가지 않아안 가Universal
Question무엇Universal
Conjunction그런데근데Casual
Progressive가고 있어가고있어Universal
Demonstrative그렇지그치Casual