-을/를 비롯해서 (Including)

-을/를 비롯해서 means "including," "starting with," or "among others." It's used to introduce a representative example from a larger group, emphasizing that this example is just one among many.

Structure

Pattern: Noun + -을/를 비롯해서

Breakdown:

• -을/를: Object particle
• 비롯하다: To begin / To start
• -아/어서: Connective ending

Literal meaning: "Beginning with [noun]..." → "Including [noun]..."

Formation

Basic Pattern

With nouns only:

• Vowel ending + -를 비롯해서
• Consonant ending + -을 비롯해서

Examples:

• 서울 → 서울을 비롯해서 (including Seoul)
• 학생 → 학생을 비롯해서 (including students)
• 한국어 → 한국어를 비롯해서 (including Korean)
• 사과 → 사과를 비롯해서 (including apples)
• 책 → 책을 비롯해서 (including books)

Alternative Forms

Can also use:

• -을/를 비롯한 (modifier form)
• -을/를 비롯하여 (written form)
• -을/를 비롯 (shortened)

Basic Usage

Introducing Main Example + Others

Pattern: [Main example]-을/를 비롯해서 [Other examples]

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯해서 부산, 제주도도 유명해요 (Including Seoul, Busan and Jeju are also famous)
• 한국어를 비롯해서 영어, 중국어도 배워요 (Including Korean, also learn English and Chinese)
• 학생을 비롯해서 선생님들도 참석했어요 (Including students, teachers also attended)

Representative Example

Highlighting most important/notable:

Examples:

• 김 과장을 비롯해서 팀원들이 열심히 일했어요 (Starting with Manager Kim, team members worked hard)
• 이 문제를 비롯해서 여러 과제가 있어요 (Including this problem, there are various tasks)

Lists with Multiple Items

Examples:

• 사과를 비롯해서 바나나, 딸기 등을 샀어요 (Including apples, bought bananas, strawberries, etc.)
• 책을 비롯해서 노트, 펜 등이 필요해요 (Including books, notebooks, pens, etc. are needed)

Politeness Levels

Formal (합니다체)

Examples:

• 한국을 비롯해서 여러 나라를 방문했습니다 (Including Korea, visited several countries)
• 경영진을 비롯해서 전 직원이 참석합니다 (Including management, all employees attend)

Polite (해요체)

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯해서 다른 도시도 가요 (Including Seoul, also go to other cities)
• 학생을 비롯해서 모두 모였어요 (Including students, everyone gathered)

Written Style

Very common in formal writing:

Examples:

• 한국을 비롯한 아시아 국가들 (Asian countries including Korea)
• 서울을 비롯한 대도시들 (Large cities including Seoul)

Common Patterns

With 등 (etc.)

Listing examples:

Pattern: A를 비롯해서 B, C 등

Examples:

• 김치를 비롯해서 불고기, 비빔밥 등이 유명해요 (Including kimchi, bulgogi, bibimbap, etc. are famous)
• 한국어를 비롯해서 영어, 중국어 등을 가르쳐요 (Teach including Korean, English, Chinese, etc.)

With Numbers

Quantifying the group:

Examples:

• 팀장을 비롯해서 10명이 왔어요 (Including the team leader, 10 people came)
• 서울을 비롯해서 5개 도시를 방문했어요 (Including Seoul, visited 5 cities)

As Subject

Pattern: [Noun]을/를 비롯한 [Plural noun] + [Verb]

Examples:

• 한국을 비롯한 아시아 국가들이 발전하고 있어요 (Asian countries including Korea are developing)
• 학생을 비롯한 참가자들이 모였어요 (Participants including students gathered)

Alternative Forms

-을/를 비롯한 (Modifier)

Modifying a noun:

Pattern: [Example]을/를 비롯한 [Group noun]

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯한 대도시 (large cities including Seoul)
• 한국어를 비롯한 외국어 (foreign languages including Korean)
• 학생을 비롯한 참가자 (participants including students)

Full sentences:

• 서울을 비롯한 대도시들은 복잡해요 (Large cities including Seoul are crowded)
• 한국어를 비롯한 외국어를 배워요 (Learn foreign languages including Korean)

-을/를 비롯하여 (Formal Written)

More formal than -해서:

Examples:

• 한국을 비롯하여 여러 국가가 참여했다 (Including Korea, several countries participated)
• 경제를 비롯하여 사회 전반이 변화하고 있다 (Including the economy, all of society is changing)

-을/를 비롯 (Shortened)

Casual or journalistic:

Examples:

• 서울 비롯 수도권 지역 (Seoul and metropolitan area - journalistic)

People and Groups

Organizations

Examples:

• 삼성을 비롯해서 여러 대기업이 참여했어요 (Including Samsung, several large companies participated)
• 정부를 비롯해서 민간 단체들도 협력했어요 (Including the government, private organizations also cooperated)

Specific People

Examples:

• 김 교수님을 비롯해서 여러 전문가들이 왔어요 (Including Professor Kim, several experts came)
• 회장님을 비롯해서 임원들이 참석했어요 (Including the chairman, executives attended)

Places

Cities and Countries

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯해서 부산, 대구 등을 방문했어요 (Including Seoul, visited Busan, Daegu, etc.)
• 한국을 비롯해서 일본, 중국도 갔어요 (Including Korea, also went to Japan and China)

Facilities

Examples:

• 도서관을 비롯해서 여러 시설이 있어요 (Including the library, there are various facilities)
• 극장을 비롯해서 음식점도 많아요 (Including theaters, there are also many restaurants)

Products and Items

Commercial Products

Examples:

• 스마트폰을 비롯해서 다양한 전자제품을 판매해요 (Including smartphones, sell various electronics)
• 김치를 비롯해서 여러 반찬을 만들어요 (Including kimchi, make various side dishes)

Academic and Professional

Research and Studies

Examples:

• 경제학을 비롯해서 여러 분야를 연구해요 (Including economics, research various fields)
• 이 문제를 비롯해서 많은 과제가 있어요 (Including this problem, there are many tasks)

Business Contexts

Examples:

• 마케팅을 비롯해서 모든 부서가 협력했어요 (Including marketing, all departments cooperated)
• 품질을 비롯해서 여러 면에서 개선됐어요 (Including quality, improved in various aspects)

Time Periods

Historical Events

Examples:

• 2020년을 비롯해서 최근 몇 년간 (including 2020, the past few years)
• 지난주를 비롯해서 이번 달 내내 (including last week, throughout this month)

Comparing Similar Patterns

비롯해서 vs. 포함해서

비롯해서:

• Starting with (most important/representative)
• Emphasizes main example
• "Including [main one]"

포함해서:

• Including (neutral)
• Equal emphasis
• "Including"

Examples:

• 한국을 비롯해서 아시아 국가들 (Asian countries, starting with Korea - Korea is main)
• 한국을 포함해서 아시아 국가들 (Asian countries including Korea - Korea is one among equals)

비롯해서 vs. 등

비롯해서:

• Formal
• Emphasizes starting point
• Structured listing

등:

• Casual
• Simple "etc."
• Quick listing

Examples:

• 사과를 비롯해서 여러 과일 (various fruits including apples - formal)
• 사과 등 여러 과일 (apples, etc. - casual)

Formal Writing

Academic Papers

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯한 한국의 대도시들은... (Large Korean cities including Seoul...)
• 경제를 비롯한 여러 분야에서... (In various fields including economics...)

Business Reports

Examples:

• 국내 시장을 비롯해서 해외 시장도 확대되고 있습니다 (Including the domestic market, overseas markets are also expanding)
• 품질을 비롯해서 모든 측면에서 개선되었습니다 (Improved in all aspects including quality)

News Articles

Examples:

• 서울을 비롯한 수도권 지역에 폭우가 내렸다 (Heavy rain fell in the metropolitan area including Seoul)
• 정부를 비롯한 관계 기관들이 대책을 마련했다 (Related organizations including the government prepared measures)

Cultural Notes

Hierarchical Listing

Korean communication style:

• Start with most important
• Show proper respect
• Emphasize key examples

Examples:

• 회장님을 비롯해서 임원진 (executives including the chairman - hierarchy respected)
• 서울을 비롯해서 지방 도시 (local cities including Seoul - capital first)

Showing Completeness

Comprehensive approach:

• Demonstrate thorough consideration
• Include representative examples
• Show complete scope

Summary Table

Form	Type	Formality	Example	Meaning
-을/를 비롯해서	Connector	Formal	서울을 비롯해서 다른 도시	Including Seoul, other cities
-을/를 비롯한	Modifier	Formal	서울을 비롯한 도시들	Cities including Seoul
-을/를 비롯하여	Written	Very Formal	한국을 비롯하여 여러 국가	Including Korea, various countries
With 등	With etc.	Formal	사과를 비롯해서 바나나, 딸기 등	Including apples, bananas, strawberries, etc.

Key point: -을/를 비롯해서 introduces a representative or most important example from a larger group, emphasizing "starting with" or "including most notably." It's formal and commonly used in written Korean, business, and academic contexts to show comprehensive coverage while highlighting key examples.