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Introduction to Korean Grammar How to Use This Guide Hangul Writing System (한글)Pronunciation Guide Basic Sentence Patterns

Sentence Structure (SOV)Word Order Rules Topic vs Subject Parts of Speech Particles Overview (조사)Verb Basics (동사)Adjective Basics (형용사)Noun Basics (명사)

은/는 (eun/neun) - Topic Marker 이/가 (i/ga) - Subject Marker 은/는 vs 이/가 Explained 을/를 (eul/reul) - Object Marker 에 (e) - Location/Time Marker 에서 (eseo) - Location/Origin 에 vs 에서 Explained (으)로 (euro) - Direction/Method 의 (ui) - Possessive Marker 와/과 (wa/gwa) - And/With 하고 (hago) - And/With (casual)도 (do) - Also/Too 만 (man) - Only 부터 (buteo) - From/Since 까지 (kkaji) - Until/To 한테/에게 (hante/ege) - To (person)께 (kke) - To (honorific)보다 (boda) - Than 처럼/같이 (cheoreom/gachi) - Like/As 마다 (mada) - Every 밖에 (bakke) - Only (with negative)조차 (jocha) - Even 든지 (deunji) - Or/Whether

Politeness System Overview Formal Polite (합니다체)Informal Polite (해요체)Casual/Informal (반말)When to Use Each Level Honorific Speech (높임말)Humble Speech (낮춤말)

Verb Stems and Endings Present Tense (현재)Past Tense -았/었어요 (과거)Future Tense -겠어요 (미래)Future -(으)ㄹ 거예요 Progressive -고 있다 Negation: 안 vs 못 Negative Form -지 않다 Irregular Verbs Overview ㄹ Irregular Verbs ㅂ Irregular Verbs ㄷ Irregular Verbs ㅅ Irregular Verbs 으 Irregular Verbs ㅎ Irregular Verbs

Adjective Types in Korean Descriptive Verbs (형용사)Present Tense Adjectives Past Tense Adjectives Future Tense Adjectives Negative Adjectives Adverb Formation -게 Comparisons with 보다 Superlatives 가장/제일

이다/아니다 - To be/Not be 이에요/예요 vs 입니다 Past Copula 이었어요/였어요 Future Copula

-고 (go) - And/Sequential -지만 (jiman) - But/However -는데/은데/ㄴ데 (neunde) - Context -아/어서 (aseo/eoseo) - Because/So -(으)니까 (eunikka) - Because/Since -아/어서 vs -(으)니까 -면서 (myeonseo) - While/As -(으)면 (eumyeon) - If/When -거나 (geona) - Or -든지 (deunji) - Whether/Or

-고 싶다 (go sipda) - Want to -(으)ㄹ래요 (eullaeyo) - Want to/Offer -고 싶어하다 - Want to (3rd person)원하다 (wonhada) - Want/Desire

-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다 - Can/Cannot Potential Form with -지 못하다 -기 쉽다/어렵다 - Easy/Hard to

-아/어야 하다/되다 - Must/Have to -(으)ㄹ 필요가 있다 - Need to -지 않아도 되다 - Don't have to -(으)면 안 되다 - Must not

-아/어도 되다 - May/Can (permission)-(으)면 되다 - It's okay if -지 마세요 - Don't (prohibition)-(으)면 안 되다 - Must not

-아/어 보다 - Try doing -(으)려고 하다 - Try to/Intend -(으)ㄹ까 하다 - Thinking of

-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 - Seems like -나 보다 - It seems/appears -대요/래요 - I heard that -(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 - It seems

주다 (juda) - To give 받다 (batda) - To receive -아/어 주다 - Do for someone -아/어 드리다 - Do for (honorific)Perspective in Korean

-아/어 주세요 - Please do -(으)세요 - Please (honorific)-지 말아 주세요 - Please don't Polite Request Levels

-(으)ㄹ까요? - Shall we?-(으)시겠어요? - Would you?-(으)ㅂ시다 - Let's -는 게 어때요? - How about?

-아/어서 (Because/So)-(으)니까 (Since/Because)-기 때문에 (Because)그래서 (Therefore)왜냐하면 (That's because)

-(으)러 가다/오다 - Go/Come to -(으)려고 - In order to -기 위해(서) - For the purpose of -게 - So that -(으)ㄹ 생각이다 - Plan to

Conditional Forms Overview -(으)면 - If/When -거든 - If (future condition)-(으)ㄹ 경우 - In case of -다면 - If (hypothetical)

-고 생각하다 - Think that -(으)ㄴ/는 줄 알다/모르다 - Know/Not know -다고 하다 - Say that -냐고 하다 - Ask whether -(으)라고 하다 - Tell to

-(으)ㄹ 것이다 - Will/Probably -(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 - Might 틀림없다 - Must be/Surely -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 - No way

Time Words (시간 표현)-기 전에 - Before doing -(으)ㄴ 후에 - After doing -자마자 - As soon as -는 동안 - While/During -(으)ㄹ 때 - When -면서 - While doing -다가 - While/Then -고 나서 - After doing

Question Words (의문사)뭐/무엇 (mwo/mueot) - What 누구 (nugu) - Who 언제 (eonje) - When 어디 (eodi) - Where 왜 (wae) - Why 어떻게 (eotteoke) - How 얼마나 (eolmana) - How much/many Yes/No Questions -지요/죠? - Right?/Isn't it?-(으)ㄹ까요? - Shall/Would?

Number System Overview Native Korean Numbers (하나, 둘...)Sino-Korean Numbers (일, 이, 삼...)Counter System (개, 명, 마리...)개 - General counter 명/분 - People counter 마리 - Animal counter 잔/병 - Drinks counter 권 - Books counter 장 - Paper counter Common Counters List

Relative Clauses (관형절)-(으)ㄴ - Past modifier -는 - Present modifier -(으)ㄹ - Future modifier -던 - Past habitual modifier

-기 Nominalization -(으)ㄴ/는 것 Nominalization -기 vs -(으)ㄴ/는 것

Statement Endings Question Endings Command/Request Endings Suggestion Endings Exclamation Endings

Honorific System Overview Subject Honorification -(으)시-Honorific Verbs (드시다, 계시다...)Humble Verbs (드리다, 여쭙다...)Special Honorific Nouns When to Use Honorifics

Passive Formation -이/히/리/기 Common Passive Verbs -아/어지다 Passive 당하다/받다 Passive

Causative Formation -이/히/리/기/우/추 Common Causative Verbs -게 하다 Causative 시키다 Causative

보다 - Than 더 - More 가장/제일 - Most 같다 - Same/Like -(으)ㄴ/는 만큼 - As much as

-는 거예요 - It is that -잖아(요) - You know/Obviously -던데(요) - I noticed/I heard 는/은 - Contrastive emphasis

-고 - And (complete list)하고/랑/이랑 - And (casual)-(이)나 - Or/About -든지 - Or whatever 같은/와 같은 - Like/Such as

Frequency Adverbs (항상, 자주...)-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다 - Have/Haven't -곤 하다 - Used to 매 - Every

-아/어지다 - Become 되다 - Become/Be done -(으)로 변하다 - Change into

-고 있다 - Be doing -아/어 있다 - Be in a state -고 있다 vs -아/어 있다

-아/어 버리다 - Finish completely -고 말다 - End up doing -게 되다 - Come to/End up

Statement Quotation -다고 Question Quotation -냐고 Command Quotation -(으)라고 Suggestion Quotation -자고

-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) - Should have -았/었으면 좋겠다 - Wish -(으)ㄹ 텐데 - Would have/If only

-지만 - But/However -는데 - But/While -아/어도 - Even if/though -더라도 - Even if -ㄴ/은데도 - Despite

-도록 - To the extent -(으)ㄹ 정도로 - To the extent of -(으)ㄹ수록 - The more... the more -만큼 - As much as

Greetings (인사)Farewells (작별 인사)Apologies (사과)Thanks (감사)Congratulations (축하)Meal Expressions Phone Expressions Shopping Phrases

Common Korean Idioms (속담)Four-Character Idioms (사자성어)Onomatopoeia (의성어/의태어)

Formal Writing Style Academic Korean Business Korean News Korean Letter Writing Email Etiquette

Casual Speech Patterns Contractions & Reductions Common Slang Internet/Text Language Sentence Ending Particles Filler Words & Interjections Regional Dialects Overview

-기는 하지만 - Do but -(으)ㄴ/는 대신(에) - Instead of -기는커녕 - Let alone -(으)ㄴ/는 척하다 - Pretend to -기 마련이다 - Bound to -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 - Not only -는 바람에 - Because (wind)-다(가) 보면 - If you keep doing -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 - Almost -(으)ㄴ/는 한 - As long as -고 보니(까) - Now that I think -(으)므로 - Therefore (formal)-자 - As soon as (literary)-던 - Used to (past)

Coordinating Sentences Subordinating Clauses Embedded Sentences Complex Sentence Structure

Speaker Perspective -는/(으)ㄴ 것으로 보이다 - Appears 에 의하면 - According to -(으)ㄴ/는 입장에서 - From position 관점/측면에서 - From viewpoint

-만 - Only (particle)-밖에 - Only (negative)-뿐(이다) - Only/Just -(이)나 - As many as -조차 - Even

약/대략/거의 - About/Approximately -(으)ㄹ 듯하다 - Seems like -나 보다 - Appears/Seems 쯤 - About/Around

-(으)ㄴ 적이 있다 - Have experienced -던 - Past memory -더라 - Recalled observation -더니 - Noticed and then

-면서 - While (same subject)-는 동안 - During/While -는 가운데 - In the midst of -는 중이다 - In the middle of

-를/을 제외하고 - Except 외에(는) - Besides/Except 말고 - Instead of/Other than -는 것 말고는 - Except for

-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 - Not only 게다가/더욱이 - Moreover -는 물론(이고) - Not to mention -을/를 비롯해서 - Including

-는데 - Background context -거든 - You see/Because -잖아 - As you know

-(으)ㄹ까(요)? - I wonder -는지 모르겠다 - Not sure 혹시 - By any chance 아마(도) - Perhaps/Probably

-(이)나 - Or -거나 - Or (verbs)-든지 - Whether/Or 아니면 - Or else/If not

-게 되다 - Come to/Get to -아/어 가다 - Gradually go -아/어 오다 - Gradually come 점점/차차 - Gradually

-(으)로 - By means of -게 - In a manner -(으)ㄴ/는 방법 - Way of doing 어떻게 - How/In what way

-에 따라(서) - According to -(으)ㄴ/는 대로 - As/Just as -을/를 토대로 - Based on -을/를 기준으로 - Based on standard

-고 있다 - Be continuing -아/어 오다 - Have been doing 계속 - Continue/Keep -던 중 - In the midst of

-네(요) - I see/Oh!-군(요)/구나 - Oh!/I see!-다니(요) - What!/Really!-다니까(요) - I told you

-면 - If/When (natural)-(으)니까 - Since/Because (result)-기 때문에 - Because of

-다가 - While doing, then -(으)ㄴ/는데 - But then -더니 - And then

Particle Omission Rules Particle Stacking Particle Nuances

All Verb Endings Chart All Adjective Endings Chart Ending Selection Guide

TOPIK I Grammar (Level 1-2)TOPIK II Grammar (Level 3-4)TOPIK II Grammar (Level 5-6)TOPIK Writing Grammar

Home/Grammar/마리 - Animal counter

Numbers & Counters

마리 - Animal counter

Embedded Sentences (Relative Clauses)

Apologies (사과)

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